Most theoretical descriptions of stresses induced by freezing are rooted in the (generalized) Clapeyron equation, which predicts the pressure that a solid can exert as it cools below its melting temperature. This equation is central for topics ranging beyond glaciology to geomorphology, civil engineering, food storage and cryopreservation. However, it has inherent limitations, requiring isotropic solid stresses and conditions near bulk equilibrium. Here, we examine when the Clapeyron equation is applicable by providing a rigorous derivation that details all assumptions.

Ultrafast radiographic imaging and tracking (U-RadIT) use state-of-the-art ionizing particle and light sources to experimentally study sub-nanosecond transients or dynamic processes in physics, chemistry, biology, geology, materials science and other fields.

Within physics education research (PER), a growing body of literature investigates using natural language processing machine learning algorithms to apply coding schemes to student writing. The aspiration is that this form of measurement may be more efficient and consistent than similar measurements made with human analysis, allowing larger and broader data sets to be analyzed. In our work, we are harnessing recent innovations in Large Language Models (LLMs) such as BERT and LLaMA to learn complex coding scheme rules.

Quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulators are two-dimensional electronic materials that have a bulk band gap like an ordinary insulator but have topologically protected pairs of edge modes of opposite chiralities. To date, experimental studies have found only integer QSH insulators with counter-propagating up-spins and down-spins at each edge leading to a quantized conductance G0=e^2/h. Here we report transport evidence of a fractional QSH insulator in 2.1-degree-twisted bilayer MoTe2, which supports spin-Sz conservation and flat spin-contrasting Chern bands.

We propose a "minimal" fractional topological insulator (mFTI), motivated by the recent experimental report on the signatures of FTI at total filling factor νtot=3 in a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) moiré system. The observed FTI at νtot=3 is likely given by a topological state living in a pair of half-filled conjugate Chern bands with Chern numbers C=±1 on top of another pair of fully-filled conjugate Chern bands. We propose the mFTI as a strong candidate topological state in the half-filled conjugate Chern bands.

The electron’s kinetic energy plays a pivotal role in magnetism. While virtual electron hopping promotes antiferromagnetism in an insulator, real hopping processes usually favour ferromagnetism. However, in kinetically frustrated systems such as hole-doped triangular lattice Mott insulators, real hopping has instead been shown to favour antiferromagnetism. Kinetic frustration has also been predicted to induce a new quasiparticle, a bound state of the doped hole and a spin flip called a spin polaron, at intermediate magnetic fields, which could form an unusual metallic state.